Computerized Resistive
Exercise DynamometerThe
by
Gideon B. Ariel, Ph.D. and M. Ann Penny, Ph.D.
March, 1991
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1. IDENTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INNOVATION
The goal of this proposal is to develop a computerized, feedback-controlled,
portable, battery-powered, hydraulic dynamometer which can be used in normal,
reduced-g, and zero-g environments. The proposed device will provide a closed-loop
feedback system to measure and control various muscular strength parameters. The
innovativeness of this device includes (1) the ability to measure muscular strength
without the limitations imposed by traditional weight-related devices; (2) computerization
of both the feedback control feature, allowing adjustment of the device to the individual
rather than the individual accommodating the device, and customization of the diagnostic
and exercise protocols with data storage capabilities; (3) low-voltage, (4) portability,
and (5) compactness. The relevance of the proposed equipment for NASA lies in its ability
to evaluate astronaut strength and endurance levels as well as to design and follow
appropriate exercise protocols in all gravitational environments. Data can be stored
for later evaluation and for use in conjunction with other medical or physiological
assessments in the continual effort to identify and counter the deconditioning caused by
microgravitational conditions.
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Physical fitness and good health have become increasingly more important to the
American public, yet there exists no compact, affordable, accurate device either for
measurement or conditioning human strength or performance. This deficit hinders America's
ability to explore the frontiers of space as well. Without appropriate means to measure
physical force requirements under zero-g conditions and without appropriate equipment for
training for these task-related activities as well as against the deleterious
physiological effects of microgravitational deconditioning, America's permanent manned
presence in space will be severely restricted.
One of the ways the human body reacts to the reduced physiological and mechanical
demands of microgravity is by deconditioning of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and
neuromuscular systems. This deconditioning produces a multitude of physical changes such
as loss of muscle mass, decreases in body density and body calcium, decreased muscle
performance in strength and endurance, orthostatic intolerance, and overall decreases in
aerobic and anaerobic fitness [1]. The biomedical reports from the Gemini, Apollo, and
Skylab missions and the work of Thornton and Rummell [2] have revealed a severe problem of
reduced muscle mass and strength loss of the lower extremities following prolonged periods
in microgravity. Since mission operations normally require relatively greater load demands
for the arms and upper body than for the lower extremities, these findings were considered
reasonable and not unexpected. However, the use of a bicycle ergometer on Skylab 2 was
unable to provide sufficient aerobic exercise to maintain leg strength at earth-based, or
1-g, levels since it could develop neither the type nor the level of forces necessary.
Devices which provided isokinetic resistance were employed on Skylabs 3 and 4 which
resulted in higher leg force results than those generated in Skylab 2, but were limited to
an inadequate level [3].
A review of the effects of strength training on human skeletal muscle suggests that the
benefits of appropriate training would favorably counteract the negative effects of
weightlessness. In general, strength training that uses large muscle groups in
high-resistance, low-repetition efforts increases the maximum work output of the muscle
group stressed [4]. Since resistance training does not change the capacity of the specific
types of skeletal muscle fibers to develop different tensions, strength is generally seen
to increase with the cross-sectional area of the fiber [5]. This may suggest an important
finding in the effort to reduce or prevent the loss of muscle strength associated with
reduced-g exposures. It may be that resistance training with the resultant hypertrophy
would be an effective countermeasure for strength loss.
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Since the cause of space deconditioning is usually attributed to the absence of
gravity, the development of countermeasures is essential to interrupt these adverse
adaptational effects and to develop activities which will sustain normal, robust fitness,
conditioning, and good health. While experiments on the Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab
missions suggest that regular exercise was helpful in minimizing several aspects of
spaceflight deconditioning [6,7,8] there is a lack of quantifiable measures of specificity
and amount of physical exercise performed by crew members during flight. Quantification of
optimal intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise during spaceflight is of utmost
importance for manned missions, yet "no data exists that provides even the slightest
clue as to what the forces and impact load of locomotion are in microgravity" [3].
Countermeasures are efforts to counteract the physiological problems caused by exposure
to zero-g by interrupting the body's adaptation process. Effective countermeasures will
promote mission safety, maximize mission successes, and maintain optimum crew health [1].
Specific recommendations required by space missions were identified by participants at
"The Manned System - A Human Factors Symposium and Workshop" sponsored by the
American Astronautical Society. The need for appropriate fitness and recreation
facilities, methods, and long-duration micro-gravity effects on EVA performance were
identified as important topics by such diverse areas as habitat engineers, operation
managers, EVA researchers, and the members of the Biomechanics group. The need for
appropriate performance protocols as well as the development of a flight qualified
dynamometer was emphasized.
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The proposed equipment is intended for use as an effective countermeasure tool as
well as addressing several of the operational restrictions imposed by spaceflight.
Utilization of a hydraulic mechanism will provide a means for adequately creating
resistance thus overcoming the ineffectiveness of weight-based equipment in zero-g. The
apparatus will be compact, portable, and powered by low-voltage DC batteries which
eliminates the need for shuttle power. These attributes are deemed necessary for easy and
safe use in the restricted confines of the shuttle or on the space station. Computerization
will provide several important innovations: (1) Activities performed will be
programmable for "individualized" diagnostic routines and/or exercise protocols
with results stored for subsequent evaluations. (2) The feedback control afforded by rapid
computerized assessment and adjustment will ensure that the equipment will adjust to the
performance levels of the astronaut rather than the reverse. Individualized adjustment
assures that size and/or gender are irrelevant for successful operation. (3) Activities
can be designed bi-directionally since resistance will be provided in both directions of
bar movement. (4) Graphic displays and audio cues will provide information to the
individual with such items as current strength level, repetition number, and bar location.
The sound cues will be modulated in proportion to the exerted force in order to inform the
individual about his or her performance response without the need to see the computer
monitor. This will simplify operation as well as providing biofeedback. One of the most
important features of the proposed device will be its functionality under all
gravitational fields. Thus, medical and physiological researchers can design and test
models on earth with the ability to recreate and evaluate the same models under reduced-g
conditions.
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The proposed device is specifically envisioned for application in musculoskeletal
activities such as strength and endurance. However, its use as a criterion measure in
quantification and/or verification of task performances in research strategies concerning
bone demineralization, leg compliance, muscle size, and leg volume, may be appropriate.
For example, the NASA Exercise Countermeasure Project Task Force, chaired by William G.
Squires, Ph.D., determined that the validity and effectiveness of exercise countermeasures
will be determined from the results of inflight studies and that the elucidation of the
basic mechanisms from space- and earth-based research would develop specific acute and
chronic exercise regimens to counteract physiological dysfunctions. The proposed
Computerized Portable Dynamometer would appear to be an appropriate measurement device for
such research.
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2. PHASE I TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES
The goal of Phase I is to develop an operational computerized, feedback-controlled,
portable, battery-powered, hydraulic dynamometer for use in 1-g conditions. The specific
objectives required to accomplish this task are as follows:
(1) Objective 1. To select a portable, battery-powered computer which has the
capability of interfacing with a Controller board used for analog to digital signal
processing and dynamometer control. Additional attention will focus on disk storage
capacity, secondary storage mediums, such as floppy drives, and visual display
characteristics.
(2) Objective 2. To develop software on the computer identified in Objective 1
to operate the dynamometer.
(3) Objective 3. To test both the developed software and the portable computer
on an existing device that utilizes a hydraulic valve, pack, and cylinder unit with an
attached bar. Force and position transducers will provide the analog input signals.
(4) Objective 4. To test the calibration of the proposed dynamometer device
using known weights.
(5) Objective 5. To conduct a simple experimental test using a squat exercise (a
standing knee extension/flexion motion) to demonstrate both the feasibility and the
functional capacities of the proposed device.
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The two major feasibility questions to be answered in Phase I are: (1) Is there a
portable, battery-powered computer commercially available with sufficient speed, memory,
and storage capabilities, and which has the capacity to interface with a customized
analog-to-digital (Controller) board, to support the proposed dynamometer? (2) Can
appropriate software be written for the proposed dynamometer to control, assess, and store
data required for evaluation and testing the human muscular strength and endurance
functions previously discussed? The software considerations are not trivial. For example,
several problems to be overcome include (a) the power requirements of the computer, the
Controller board, and the transducers must be satisfied more efficiently than with the
greater capacities afforded with external power supplies of larger computers, (b) rapid
computer processing requires innovative programming code to afford smooth response for
real-time feedback control, and (3) the flat panel monochrome display characteristics
associated with portable, built-in single monitor computers present a unique challenge
concerning the speed and esthetic qualities for the interactive visual medium.
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During Phase I, the proposed dynamometer will be developed for earth-fixed
environments. All information generated and developed in Phase I will be utilized in Phase
II expansions. In Phase II, the proposed dynamometer will be developed on a portable,
battery-powered computer with the capability of connecting the Controller board through an
expansion bus. A specialized Controller board will be designed to fit within the
designated computer and will be enhanced to allow additional analog input devices such as
electromyography (EMG) and/or force plate data. During Phase II, attention will be given
to developing a variety of options for force measurements by simple and creative
orientations of the hydraulic cylinder with the bar, or handle, or other human/machine
interaction points. Particular emphasis will be placed on mechanical designs appropriate
for tests conducted in the restricted dimensions of reduced-g and zero-g workspaces. More
extensive software attributes will be developed during Phase II as well. The developed
product will be directed for use on shuttle flights, for a future space station, for lunar
or Mars colonization, and for use as a measurement tool in the NASA research testing
programs, such as examining neuromuscular forces, muscular strength, conditioning and
deconditioning, habitat facilities, EVA studies, and others. Subsequent commercial use
seems particularly applicable in instances where physical space is limited.
3. PHASE I WORK PLAN
The most important goal of the Phase I efforts is the production of adequate software
on an appropriate portable, battery-powered computer to demonstrate the operational
capabilities of the proposed dynamometer project successfully and sufficiently. An
acceptable portable computer will be attached to an existing hydraulic pack and cylinder
unit with an attached bar. The position and force transducers will provide the input
signals through the Controller board. A simple experimental study will be conducted to
compare force results registered by the dynamometer with those simultaneously secured on a
force plate. The following presentation more fully describes the details for each of the
essential components.
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a. Computer.
The physical characteristics of the computer are of paramount importance in the
microgravitional workspaces where the proposed dynamometer project is targeted for
ultimate use. The dynamometer must be able to obtain force measurements, throughout a
range of movement, as well as to provide a means of controlling the velocity or the
resistance generated by the user. The performance criteria of the proposed dynamometer
necessitate rapid computer processing speed, adequate memory, and rapid analog to digital
conversions. The computer must be portable, as light-weight as possible, possess graphics
display capability, and it must function on its own battery power which will eliminate any
need for shuttle power. To insure sufficient speed, the computer must have an 80386SX or
higher processor which has an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus. It is anticipated
that four (4) megabytes of memory will be sufficient for Phase I. Both a hard disk and at
least one other storage medium, such as a floppy disk, are essential to ensure
preservation of data, particularly that secured during zero-g missions. Compatibility with
an external signal processing board is required. In Phase I only, the use of an expansion
chassis to house this external board may be necessary but is not anticipated. A currently
available customized Controller board will be used during the Phase I feasibility study.
Any modification of this board for Phase I uses will be minor.
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Because of the compactness of design and the ability to operate with a single monitor,
either with or without a "Windows" environment, it is anticipated that one of
the "laptop" computers will be selected for the proposed project. Because of the
rapidly changing technologies in the commercially available computer hardware, selection
of the specific computer to be used in Phase II will be postponed until that time. The
computer selected for Phase II will be required to have provisions for an internal
expansion slot for inclusion of a specially designed Controller board.
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b. Controller Board.
The Controller board consists of specialized electronics which will perform
analog-to-digital (A/D) conversions of the input signals received from both the position
and the force transducers. Analog input signals are the standard characteristic of these
sensory devices. The Controller board also has the appropriate electronics for controlling
and powering the resistive mechanism of the dynamometer. Processing of the two analog
input devices as well as transmission of the subsequent software generated digital signal
to regulate the stepper motor attached to the hydraulic valve and cylinder unit must be
rapid and precisely regulated for accurate and smooth performance results.
The Controller board utilized for the Phase I dynamometer will be an existing
customized board and any modifications will be minor. However, a specialized board will be
developed for the Phase II dynamometer product. The Controller board connects to the ISA
bus of the computer, which powers both the controller board and the dynamometer. This is a
very ambitious plan which requires that the Controller board be designed to require an
absolute minimum of power so that the computer's batteries are not overly taxed. A worse
case scenario would require that an additional, separate battery supply be incorporated
into the design in Phase II. However, the additional battery would not appreciably
increase the weight nor necessiate shuttle power. Further enhancements under consideration
for Phase II include providing additional optional channels for securing EMG, heart rate,
EKG, blood pressure, and/or other analog signal data.
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c. Dynamometer Frame Mechanism.
In Phase I, an existing frame will be utilized for testing the proposed computer and
software developed. In Phase II, a dynamometer frame will be developed which is compact
and light-weight with a target weight of less than 10 kilograms. This is an ambitious
design goal which will require frame materials to have maximum strength-to-weight ratios
and the structure must be engineered with attention directed towards compactness, storage
size, and both ease and versatility of operation. An additional consideration during Phase
II development is to have the entire system readily adaptable to flight specifications.
d. Force and Position Transducers.
Existing transducers available commercially will be utilized for the proposed Phase I
dynamometer project. The function of these input devices is to supply information to the
computer relative to the location of the bar or handle against which the individual is
exerting force as well as the amount of that force. This information must be provided
rapidly enough for the computer to process the input signal and respond with an
adjustment, if needed, to the hydraulic valve assembly so that the internal response
adjustments are undetectable by the individual using the device. A characteristic
essential to the proposed dynamometer is that the individual exerting force perceives only
smooth operation and is insulated from any detection of hardware and/or functional
adjustments. The continual exchange of data between input sensors and the regulation of
the hydraulic system is one of the most crucial segments of the software programs to be
prepared during the Phase I portion of the product development.
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e. Hydraulic Valve, Pack, and Cylinder Unit and Stepper Motor.
An existing hydraulic valve, pack, and cylinder assembly which is currently integrated
with an existing, commercially available stepper motor will be modified for use in the
Phase I project. A stepper motor is attached to a hydraulic valve assembly which opens and
closes an orifice regulating the flow of hydraulic fluid, thus controlling the amount of
force needed to push or pull the piston within the cylinder. Since the main thrust of
Phase I is to develop sufficient software capabilities on a portable, battery-powered
computer to demonstrate the ability to measure and store forces, the development of a
specialized hydraulic device with its related valve controls will be postponed until Phase
II.
During Phase II, the design of a smaller and lighter hydraulic valve, pack, and
cylinder assembly is envisioned. A further consideration is to use a flight-qualified
fluid which would be more appropriate for microgravitational locations, such as in the
shuttle or space station. Consideration of alternative resistive mechanisms have been
abandoned because of the limitations imposed in zero-g conditions. Weight-based devices
would have no value under reduced-g or zero-g conditions. Pneumatic resistance was
rejected because of the pressure requirements, the problems associated with
compressibility of gases, the difficulties associated with accuracy and calibration of
measurements, and the need for pressurized cylinders. Hydraulic mechanisms are less
affected by gravitational forces, can be regulated by low voltage, battery powered
devices, can operate in both up and down stroke directions, and can function passively.
Consideration of an "active" hydraulic system, which would provide conditions in
which the individual would have to resist forces generated by the dynamometer, were
rejected for the following reasons: (1) user safety, (2) decision against employing any
motorized devices within zero-g workspaces for environmental safety considerations, and
(3) more than sufficient and adequate results are obtainable with "passive"
mechanisms.
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f. Software.
Since one of the primary objectives in Phase I of the proposed dynamometer project is
both to assess force levels throughout a range of motion and to provide a mechanism for
conditioning, the initial software efforts will concentrate on this task. The software for
the proposed dynamometer project must be capable of performing a variety of measurements
as well as controlling repetitive movements and storing the generated data. Control of the
hardware must be rapid and accurate to ensure smoothness of response. There must be
appropriate means to interact with the individual and to access the resulting data. The
proposed software developments should be considered on two levels. One level of software
will be invisible to the individual using the dynamometer device since it will control the
various hardware components. The second level of software will allow user/computer
interaction. The computer programs necessary to provide the real-time feedback control,
the data program and storage, and the additional performance manipulations will be
extensive. A large portion of the software for the proposed project currently exists but
operates on a larger and faster computer system. Although the proposed project constrains
the software to provide smooth, feedback-controlled operation with a smaller, less
powerful computer, new or revised programming code will be completed by the appropriate
personnel within the time frame allocated in Phase I.
The software which provides computer interaction with the individual operator should
automatically present a menu of options when the dynamometer system is activated. The menu
will include at least four options: (1) diagnostics, (2) controlled velocity, (3)
controlled resistance, (4) controlled work. In all cases, motion will be regulated in both
directions, that is, when the bar moves up and down. Each of these four options will be
briefly described in the following sections. In Phase I, the exercise selected for use
will be restricted to a standing vertical leg extension task and the descriptive sections
are oriented from this frame of reference.
Selection of the diagnostics option will allow several parameters about that
person to be evaluated and stored if desired. The diagnostic parameters will be the range
of motion, the maximum force, and the maximum speed that the individual can move the bar
for the specific Phase I test activity selected. The maximum force and maximum speed data
will be determined at each discrete point in the range of movement as well as the average
across the entire range. The diagnostic data could be used solely as isolated pre- and
post-test measurements. However, the data can also be stored within the person's profile
so that subsequent actions and tests performed on the dynamometer can be customized to
adjust to that specific individual's characteristics.
The controlled velocity option will permit the individual to control the speed
of bar movement. The pattern of the velocity will be determined by the person using the
equipment and these choices of velocity patterns will include: (1) isokinetic,
which will provide a constant speed throughout the range of motion; (2) variable speed,
in which the speed at the beginning of the motion and the speed at the end of the stroke
are different with the computer regulating a smooth transition between the two values; and
(3) programmed speed, which will allow the user to specify a unique velocity
pattern throughout the range of movement. For each of the choices, determination of the
initial and final velocities will be at the discretion of the individual through an
interactive menu. The number of repetitions to be performed will also be indicated by the
person. It will be possible to designate different patterns of velocity for each direction
of bar movement.
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The controlled resistance option will enable the person to control the
resistance or amount of force required to move the bar. The alternatives will include: (1)
isotonic, which will provide a constant amount of force for the individual to
overcome in order to move the bar; (2) variable resistance, in which the force at
the beginning of the motion and the force at the end of the movement are different with
the computer regulating a smooth transition between the two values; (3) programmed
resistance, which will permit the individual to specify a unique force pattern
throughout the range of movement. An interactive menu will enable the person to indicate
the precise initial and final values, the number of repetitions to be used, and each
direction of bar motion will be independently programmed for each of the three choices.
The controlled work option will allow the individual to determine the amount of
work, in Newton/meters or joules, to be performed rather than the number of repetitions.
In addition, the person will be able to choose either velocity or resistance as the method
for controlling the bar movement. As with the previous options, bi-directional control
will be possible.
The data storage capability will be useful in the design of research protocols. The
software will be designed to allow an investigator to "program" a specific
series of exercises and the precise manner in which they are to be performed, e.g. number
of repetitions, amount of work, etc., so that the astronaut need only select his or her
name from the graphic menu and the computer will then guide the procedures. Data gathered
can be stored for subsequent analysis. The proposed dynamometer will have the capacity to
"program" a sequence of events, such as a series of different exercises;
determination of that sequence will be solely at the discretion of the research
investigator or other user. Data storage will be presented as an option; it will not be a
required mode of operation. The proposed dynamometer will be fully operational for all
options irrespective of whether the data storage option is activated.
In Phase I, control of the dynamometer will be through graphic menu displays and
keyboard input by the individual for option selection and determination of information,
such as velocity, resistance, work, and other necessary values. While the person pushes up
and pulls down on the bar, both graphic and audio cues will be provided to indicate the
current amount of force generated, the repetition number, and the location of the bar. In
Phase II, computer/human interface via a mouse, trackball, or any acceptable pointing
device rather than through the keyboard, more extensive graphics, and additional options
are anticipated.
More extensive software enhancements will be developed in Phase II. For example, the
ability to challenge the individual by placing a target on the graphic display. The person
will then try to "hit" the target through greater effort. A "Fatigue"
mode will be developed. This will allow the person to specify a decrement level so that
when the performance deteriorates to that level, the computer will terminate the exercise.
This may be a particularly important feature for use on rigorous missions. For those crew
members involved in exhaustive work, such as extended EVA activities, computer
intervention at a prescribed fatigue level may prevent undesirable overexertion yet allow
sufficient exercise performance.
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g. Calibration.
Accuracy of measurement is essential and it is deemed as one of the most important
considerations in the software development. Calibration of the proposed dynamometer will
be possible under dynamic conditions and is a unique feature that the computerization and
the feedback system will allow. Calibration will be performed using weights with known
values. The actual calibration procedure will allow the individual to place known weights
at the starting position and, when released, force data will be sampled until the ending
position is reached. The calibration procedure will be performed in both up and down
directions. This type of calibration is unique in that the accuracy of the device can be
ascertained throughout the range of motion. Restrictions of size and locations in the
shuttle and space stations as well as the difficulties associated with weightlessness will
necessitate an additional type of calibration for consideration in Phase II.
h. The Experimental Study.
An experimental study will be conducted to determine the functionality of the proposed
device. As the Phase I goals are to select a portable, battery-powered computer and
develop appropriate software on it, the study will be restricted to determining whether
the Subjects can perform each of the four options previously described for one specific
activity. The activity will be a squat exercise which is a standing knee extension/flexion
motion.
i. The apparatus.
The equipment will consist of the computer and its operational software to be attached
to an existing device suitable for performance of the squat exercise. The existing device
has a hydraulic valve and cylinder attached to a bar which is both long enough and devised
in a manner to accommodate this activity. The analog sensors and the digital control of
the hydraulic stepper motor will be electronically interfaced with the computer through
the previously discussed Controller board.
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ii. The population.
Eight normal male subjects will be selected. The subjects will range in age from 25 to
45 and be of average height and weight. Subjects will be healthy and free of any physical
disability.
iii. The protocol.
Each Subject will be tested on one day for approximately one hour with a ten minute
break between each of the four menu options. A brief familiarization process will precede
the test. A test will consist of performing the squat exercise for each of the four
options; that is, diagnostics, controlled velocity, controlled resistance, and controlled
work. All tests will begin with the diagnostic option. The order of the remaining three
options will be varied to reduce any effects of learning but the Subjects will be randomly
assigned to each of the specific procedures.
The diagnostic option will consist of one trial of each of the following (1)
maximum range of motion, (2) maximum velocity, and (3) maximum force for each Subject. The
controlled velocity option will use an isokinetic type of exercise beginning at 20
degrees per second and ending at 35 degrees per second. This speed and type will be used
only in the up directions. For the down direction, the speed will be set at 100 degrees
per second for the entire range. The controlled resistance option will be an
isotonic type of exercise. Using the diagnostic results, the assigned resistance will be
75% of each person's maximum throughout the entire exercise movement in the upward
direction. The resistance setting for the down direction will be set at 10 percent of the
individual's maximum as determined in the diagnostic phase. The controlled work
option will specify the amount of work as 7500 Newton/meters and will use the controlled
velocity mode as the type of exercise.
i. Evaluation and Results.
The ability to perform the specified tests by the Subjects while interacting with the
proposed computer and its software will determine the success or failure of the proposed
project. A questionaire will be completed by each Subject concerning the tasks, the
success of operation, and other pertinent information. Data gleaned from the questionaire
will be valuable in determining the operational success of the proposed project.
j. Work Site.
All of the developmental and test work previously described will be conducted at
Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc., the applicant site. This includes the software
development on the selected computer and the experimental study. All necessary equipment
is currently available on site.
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k. Timetable and Personnel.
Dr. Gideon B. Ariel, the principal investigator; Dr. M. Ann Penny, an exercise
scientist with expertise in neuromuscular integration; Dr. Jeremy Wise, a software
engineer; a TBA programmer; Mr. John D. Probe, a mechanical engineer; Dr. Ruth A.
Maulucci, an information scientist with expertise in human performance and rehabilitation;
and Dr. Richard Eckhouse, Jr., an electrical and computer engineer are the personnel who
will perform the work. The specific tasks to be accomplished, the key person responsible,
and the time for completion are outlined below:
Task 1. Choose the computer; Ariel, Wise, and Eckhouse; month 1.
Task 2. Software development; Wise, TBA, supervised by Wise, and
Eckhouse; months 1, 2, and 3.
Task 3. Arrange experimental apparatus; Penny, Probe, and Maulucci;
month 3.
Task 4. Recruit subjects; Penny; month 3.
Task 5. Modify and/or debug software; Wise and Ariel; month 4.
Task 6. Perform experimental study; Penny, Probe, and Maulucci;
month 5.
Task 7. Prepare final report; Ariel and Penny; month 6.
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4. RELATED RESEARCH OR R&D
a. Recent Developments by Others.
The ability to assess strength and/or to exercise has occupied centuries of thought and
effort. Since Milo the Greek lifted a calf each day until the baby grew into a bull,
humans have attempted to provide suitable means to determine strength levels and ways to
develop and maintain conditioning. However, most exercise equipment is gravity dependent
and, therefore, would be ineffective in a weightless environment. Space flight exercise
devices have been similar in design and function with many earth-bound devices but have
been adapted for reduced-g applications. These devices include treadmills, bicycle
ergometers, rowing machines, and other equipment. For purposes of this proposal, attention
will be restricted to equipment utilized or proposed for use on shuttle missions and those
most recent developments commercially available.
Treadmills have been used on all Russian Salyut space stations, Skylab 4, and Shuttle
orbitors [3]. The treadmill currently used as standard exercise equipment on shuttle
missions was designed in 1974 [9]. The rolling tread is coupled to a flywheel, brake, and
tachometer using pulleys and belts. Speed may be varied at different levels by a rapid
onset centrifugal brake. The astronaut provides earth equivalent body weight loading by
adjusting a harness and rubber bungee cord arrangement. The treadmill is a passive device
so that movement is produced by the astronaut leaning forward and pushing with the legs in
a manner similar to running uphill on Earth. The treadmill models used on Skylabs 3 and 4
provided leg forces higher than those produced on a bicycle ergometer, but were below an
adequate level demanded for return to 1-g [3]. There are no provisions for regulation nor
recording of strength performance data with any of the treadmill units.
Bicycle ergometers have been utilized on shuttle, Skylab, and Russian spacecraft. The
U.S. models employ a seat for support in 1-g environments with the head and arms providing
counterforces in zero-g settings [9]. On Skylab, the bicycle ergometer was used to provide
a quantitative stress level for studies of physiological response as well as the primary
off-duty crew exercise apparatus [10,11]. Results from Skylab 2 indicated that while
aerobic exercise and cardiorespiratory conditioning could be met through bicycle ergometer
in-flight use, sufficient leg strength could not be maintained for 1-g needs [3]. Although
the bicycle ergometer models previously used could be controlled by the astronaut's heart
rate, manually, or by computer, strength and/or exercise data were not regulated nor was
such data preserved.
Other types of exercise devices for space flight use have been considered. A flight
qualified rowing machine is awaiting flight opportunity. This equipment provides foot
restraints, since seats are unnecessary in weightlessness, and a cable with handles
replaces the oars. Six discrete loads are provided. An internal NASA study found that the
rower provided moderately heavy arm and back, but relatively small leg force loads [9]. A
"body weight load for isotonic exercise" device employs spring tension to
replace the force of the human body in 1-g environments [9]. Using a harness and pulleys,
various isotonic exercises such as dips, squats, and chin ups can be performed on this
apparatus. Another flight certified device is an isometric dynamometer [9]. The
dynamometer utilizes a stain gauge torque element to measure maximal bidirectional
isometric shoulder, elbow, knee and hip strength. A stationary locomotion apparatus makes
use of a body harness and elastic bungee cords allowing walking, jogging, or jumping in
place under a constant load [9]. None of the equipment mentioned above provides either for
the regulation of exercise protocols nor the ability to record those parameters.
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A plethora of exercise devices exist for earth-bound use ranging from simple cables,
pulleys, and springs through more complex apparatus employing motors, air, hydraulics,
etc. For example, various Cybex models provide hydraulic resistance and enjoy widespread
use particularly in rehabilitation. However, the equipment provides non-varying isokinetic
motion, cannot be calibrated dynamically, uses A/C power, requires high current, and is
large. A Cybex model has been used on NASA's KC-135 aircraft and in the Weightless
Environmental Training Facility (WETF) but would seem to be inappropriate for
microgravitational sites for many of the reasons mentioned. The Ariel Computerized
Exercise equipment provides feedback controlled variable speed functions, but requires A/C
power and is too large for spacecraft applications.
In summary, all earth-based equipment are inappropriate for microgravitational use for
one or more of the following reasons: (1) function only in normal gravitational
environments, (2) use motors, need A/C power, require high current, and/or generate
excessive heat, and (3) have excessive weight and/or are prohibitively large in size for
use in the confined areas found on spacecraft or Space Stations.
b. Significant Research Conducted by the Principal Investigator.
Dr. Gideon B. Ariel, the principal investigator for this proposed device, has
designed equipment for testing and exercising humans, has developed computerized software
products, and has designed, developed, and manufactured computerized exercise equipment.
The unique amalgamation of academic and professional expertise in human performance,
mechanics, and computers are evident in the research and products developed by Dr. Ariel.
The hallmarks of his research and the products he has developed are accuracy,
quantification, and practicality.
Dr. Ariel had extensive experience in physical fitness and conditioning as an athlete,
while participating in two Olympic Games, and in his early academic preparation. In the
early 1970s, Dr. Ariel conducted studies assessing human performance criteria and, in
addition, produced the first studies on anabolic steroids using trained athletes as
Subjects . His findings revealed that statistically significant strength gains resulted
from ingestion of an anabolic steroid, and these increases were not merely a placebo
effect. Other publications presented results on exercise, training, and athletic
performances.
While studying biomechanics in graduate school, Dr. Ariel recognized the lack of and
the need for a system to quantify human motion. After receiving his doctoral degree, he
combined his biomechanical training with his knowledge of computer programming guiding his
small staff in the development of a computerized analysis system. This biomechanical
analysis system was based upon Newtonian equations and produced the three-dimensional
coordinates of the joints centers of a body. The computerized hardware/software system
provided a means to objectively quantify the dynamic components of athletic events
replacing mere observation and supposition. For approximately ten years, Dr. Ariel worked
with numerous corporations, primarily in product assessment and their subsequent
modifications. In addition, he worked closely with the United States Olympic Committee in
the quantification of various athletic events and established the biomechanics laboratory
at the U.S. Olympic Training facility in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Based upon this
foundation of business experiences, programming skills, and awareness of the computer
industry's rapid evolution from large main frames to mini and micro computers, Dr. Ariel
has guided the development of his computerized motion analysis system into a product
available commercially.
The invention of an computerized exercise machine was a natural evolution of Dr.
Ariel's personal and academic investigations into physical conditioning, motion analysis,
computers, and electronic as well as his knowledge of available, non-computerized exercise
equipment. Currently three of Dr. Ariel's patented computerized exercise devices are
marketed commercially.
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c. Bibliographic References In Support of the Proposal.
[1] Squires, W.G., Tate, C.A., Raven, P.B., Vailas, A.C., Morgan, W.P. and Bishop, P.A.
"Final report - exercise countermeasures project." Prepared by the Discipline
Implementation Team, Johnson Space Center, Submitted October, 1990.
[2] Thornton, W. and Rummel, J. "Muscular deconditioning and its prevention in
space flight." In: Biomedical Results from Skylab, Chapter 21. Ed. R. Johnston
and R. Dietlein. Washington, D.C. NASA, 1977.
[3] Greenisen, Michael C. "Mechanics, impact loads, and EMG analyses of locomotion
on the shuttle treadmill." NASA DSO Program document. Submitted, Feb. 2, 1990.
[4] Dudley, G. and Fleck, S. "Strength and endurance training: Are they mutually
exclusive?" Sports Medicine, Vol. 4: pp. 79-85, 1987.
[5] McDonaugh, M. and Davies, C. "Adaptive response of mammalian skeletal muscle
to exercise with high loads." European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 52:
pp. 139-155, 1984.
[6] Michel, E.L., Rummel, J.A., Sawin, C.F., Buderer, M.C., and Lem, J.D. "Results
of Skylab medical experiment M171: Metabolic activity." In: Biomedical Results
from Skylab. Chapter 36. Ed. R. Johnston and R. Dietlein. Washington, D.C. NASA, 1977.
[7] Walker, J., Greenisen, M., Cowell, L.L., and Squires, W.G. "Astronaut adaption
to 1 G following long duration space flight." Presentation at the 21st International
Conference on Environmental Systems sponsored by the Engineering Society for Advancing
Mobility Land Sea Air and Space, San Francisco, CA, July, 1991.
[8] Rummel, J.A., Michel, E.L., Sawin, C.F., and Buderer, M.C. "Metabolic studies
during exercise: the second manned mission." Aviation, Space, and Environmental
Medicine, Vol. 47: pp. 1056-1060, 1976.
[9] Thornton, W. "Status review of flight exercise hardware, Johnson Space Center
1990". NASA document. October 15, 1990.
[10] Johnson, R.S. "Skylab medical program overview." In: Biomedical
Results from Skylab. Chapter 1. Ed. R. Johnston and R. Dietlein. Washington, D.C.
NASA, 1977.
[11] Moore, T.P. "The history of in-flight exercise in the U.S. Manned Space
Program." Proceedings of NASA sponsored Workshop on Exercise Prescription for
Long-Duration Space Flight, Houston, Texas, 1989.
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5. RELATIONSHIP WITH PHASE II OR OTHER FUTURE R/R&D
The ultimate result envisioned from the proposed project is a computerized,
feedback-controlled, portable, battery-powered, hydraulic dynamometer which can be used in
earth- and microgravitational environments. Phase I addresses only one of the essential
components, namely the feasibility of using a portable, battery-powered computer and
implementing operational software for earth-fixed use. During Phase II, attention will be
extended to several areas including: (1) developing a specialized Controller board which
will fit within the designated computer and will be enhanced to allow additional analog
input devices; (2) designing a frame which will be light-weight and compact. Special
attention will focus on versatility in order to maximize the number and variety of
exercises; (3) selection of a portable computer with provisions for an internal expansion
slot for inclusion of the Controller board; (4) design of a smaller and lighter hydraulic
valve, pack, and cylinder assembly with consideration for use of flight qualified
materials; (5) extensive software development will include more extensive graphics, data
storage and evaluation features, different exercise options, such as a "performance
target" and "fatigue" modes, and optional computer/operator interface
devices, such as a mouse, trackball, or other pointing device; and, (6) consideration of
calibration procedures in zero-g conditions.
6. POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
The proposed equipment has commercial potential for use in any restricted-space area,
such as submarines, homes, offices, and many medical and rehabilitative facilities.
Another important feature of commercial value is the portability of the device which could
expand the service opportunities for therapists in the areas of physical and
occupational rehabilitation. The ability to transport a compact, portable exercise
device to a patient's location within a hospital or convalescent facility would enhance
on-site therapeutic procedures. This could be particularly important for those individuals
whose immobility would prohibit receipt of such services.
Commercialization of products emerging from research conducted at Computerized
Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. is of interest to the company. Currently, the corporation
derives royalties from previous research efforts and will aggressively pursue the
marketing of the device proposed for this grant. Spin-off products based on the proposed
equipment may be appropriate for children as well as for the elderly. During Phase
I, contacts will be initiated to determine interest in Phase III commercialization of the
proposed Computerized Portable Dynamometer.
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7. COMPANY INFORMATION
Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. was established in 1971 to quantify human
(the "Bio") movement using the Newtonian equations of motion (the
"mechanical"). Many of the early research investigations involved product
assessment and design improvements for sporting goods companies, including golf balls and
clubs, tennis rackets and balls, skis and ski boots, basketballs, softballs, as well as
the shoes and apparel of various sports. Primary consideration was given to task analysis
and performance expectations developed from quantification of empirically secured activity
data. Subsequent product developments, improvements, and/or modifications were derived
from actual human performance characteristics rather than estimated needs or current fads.
Additional biomechanical studies include studies of violin performances, ballet, feminine
hygiene products, feline and equine locomotion, hand writing, and numerous forensic
investigations posed both by defense and prosecution. In addition, a major software
project was sponsored by IBM.
The company and its staff have demonstrated their expertise in devising and conducting
research inquires under vendor contract dictates as well as in independent, in-house
initiatives. Project management begins with problem identification, proceeds through
experimental formulation, data collection and reductions, interpretation of results, and
formulation of prototypes, where needed, or of product alteration recommendations. The
researchers at Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. possess the academic credentials
and creative imaginations as illustrated in their individual and collective abilities at
performing innovative tasks. In addition, understanding and enhancing human performance is
a special interest of the company and each of its employees.
Extensive computer and peripheral hardware are available to the research scientists at
Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. Computer systems currently in use include IBM
models XT's and AT's, AST models 286, 386, and 486, Toshiba models T1600/40, T5100, and
1000SE. Monochrome and color, both EGA and VGA, monitors are utilized for different
applications. Color, near-letter quality, and laser printers are available. A variety of
languages are available to program developers so that each project can be executed in the
most efficient and appropriate language for the specific need. Commercial application
software programs including word processors, spreadsheets, data base managers, CAD/CAM,
AutoCad, and graphic designs are frequently used for data reductions, for enhanced report
presentations, and specialized board and product design and layout.
Ancillary hardware includes Kistler, AMTI, and Bertec force platforms, preamped
electrodes for EMG data acquisition, and video cameras for motion analysis. Special
customized software was developed at Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. for data
collection, storage, and processing.
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8. KEY COMPANY PERSONNEL
GIDEON B. ARIEL, Ph.D.
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATION
Ph.D. Exercise Science University of Massachusetts 1969-72
M.S. Exercise Science University of Massachusetts 1966-68
B.S. Physical Education University of Wyoming 1963-66
D.P.E. Physical Education Wingate College (Israel) 1958-60
AFFILIATIONS
United States Olympic Committee; Chairman and founder of Biomechanics Committee for
Sports Medicine, 1976-84
Adjunct Professor - Hahnemann Univ., 1977-present
Adjunct Professor - University of California-Irvine, Department of Neurology,
1979-present
Adjunct Professor - University of Massachusetts, 1974-76
Assistant Professor - University of Massachusetts, 1972-75
Post Doctorate Research Associate-University of Massachusetts, 1974-76
Instructor - University of Massachusetts, 1968-70
Research and Teaching Assistant - University of Massachusetts, 1967-72
BUSINESS EXPERIENCES
Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. - Founder and Vice President, 1971-present. A
corporation dedicated to innovative research and product development.
Ariel Dynamics, Inc. - Founder and President, 1981-present. A corporation to
manufacture and market exercise equipment. Minimal activity currently due to licensing
agreement with Ariel Life Systems, Inc.
Ariel Performance Analysis, Inc. - Founder and President, 1986-present. A corporation
to manufacture and market motion analysis equipment. Minimal activity currently due to
licensing agreement with Ariel Life Systems, Inc.
Ariel Life System, Inc. - Founder and President, 1990-present. A corporation to
manufacture and market exercise equipment and motion analysis system.
PATENTS
1. Variable resistance exercising device. No. 665,459, March 17, 1981.
2. Programmable variable resistance exercise. No. 4,354,676, October 19, 1982.
3. Passive programmable resistance device. No. 4,544,154, October 1, 1985.
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
Ariel, G.B. "The effect of knee joint angle on Harvard Step Test
performance." Ergonomics, Vol. 12: pp. 33-37, 1969.
Ariel, G.B. "Effect of anabolic steroids on reflex components." Journal of
Applied Physiology, Vol. 32: pp. 795-797, 1972.
Ariel, G.B. and Saville, W. "Anabolic steroids: physiological effects of
placebos." Medicine and Science in Sports, Vol. 4: pp. 124-126, 1972.
Ariel, G.B. "The effect of anabolic steroid upon skeletal muscle contractile
force." Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, Vol. 13: pp. 187-190,
1973.
Ariel, G.B. "Computerized biomechanical analysis of human performance." In: Mechanics
and Sport, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 4: pp. 267-275, 1973.
Ariel, G.B. "Computerized biomechanical analysis of the knee joint during deep
knee bend with heavy load." In Biomechanics IV. Edited by R.C. Nelson and C.A.
Morehouse, Fourth International Seminar on Biomechanics, Pennsylvania State University,
1973.
Ariel, G.B. "Prolonged effects of anabolic steroid upon muscular contractile
force." Medicine and Science in Sports, Vol. 6: pp.62-64, 1974.
Ariel, G.B. "Shear and compression forces in the knee joint during deep knee
bend." In: XXth World Congress in Sports Medicine Handbook, Melbourne,
Australia, 1974.
Ariel, G.B. "Method for biomechanical analysis of human performance." Research
Quarterly, Vol. 45: pp. 72-79, 1974.
Ariel, G.B. "Computerized biomechanical analysis of athletic shoe." Vth
International Congress of Biomechanics Abstracts, Jyvaskyla, Finland, pp. 5, 1975.
Ariel, G.B. "Computerized biomechanical analysis of human performance." In: Biomechanics
of Sport. Ed. Thomas P. Martin, State University of New York at Brockport, pp.
228-229, 1975.
Ariel, G.B. and Maulucci, R.A. "Neural control of locomotion - a kinetic analysis
of the trot in cats." In: Neural Control of Locomotion. Ed. R.M. Herman,
et.al., Plenum Publishing Corp., pp. 759-762, 1976.
Ariel, G.B. "Elementary biomechanics." In: Therapeutics Through Exercise.
Ed. D.L. Lowenthal, et.al., Grune and Stratton, pp. 99-102, 1979.
Ariel, G.B. "Human movement analysis." Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 11:
pp. 61-62, 1980.
Ariel, G.B. "Resistive Training." Clinics in Sports Medicine, Vol. 2
(1): pp. 55-69, 1983.
Ariel, G.B. "Biofeedback and biomechanics in athletic training." In: Biofeedback
and Sports Science. Ed. J.H. Sandweiss and S.L. Wolf, Plenum Publishing Corp., pp.
107-145, 1985.
Ariel, G.B. "Body Mechanics." In: Injuries to the Throwing Arm. Ed. B.
Zarins, J.R. Andrews, and W.G. Carson, W.B. Saunders, Co., pp. 3-21, 1985.
Ariel, G.B. "Biomechanics of exercise fitness." In: Encyclopedia of
Medical Devices and Instrumentation. Ed. J.G. Webster, John Wiley & Sons, pp.
387-392, 1988.
Ariel, G.B. "Biomechanics." In: Scientific Foundations of Sports Medicine.
Ed. Carol C. Teitz, B.C. Decker, Inc. Chapter 12, pp. 271-297, 1989.
Dr. Gideon B. Ariel, the principal investigator for the proposed project, is the Vice
President and founder of Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. Dr. Ariel is employed
full time at Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. and will continue in this capacity
during the Phase I and Phase II periods encompassed by the proposed project. Currently, he
has allocated no time commitments for other projects in which he would function as the
principal investigator during the Phase I and II portions of the proposed project.
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M. Ann Penny, Ph.D.
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATION
Ph.D. Exercise Science University of Massachusetts 1973-77
M.S. Exercise Science University of Massachusetts 1968-73
B.S. Health and Phys- University of North Carolina 1962-66
ical Education
BUSINESS EXPERIENCES
President-Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. 1974-present
Vice President and Treasurer-Ariel Dynamics, Inc. 1981-present
Vice President and Treasurer-Ariel Performance
Analysis System, Inc. 1986-present
RESEARCH EXPERIENCES
Confidential and/or proprietary research was the primary corporate involvement and,
thus publications based on studies conducted by Dr. Penny were severely restricted. In the
role of primary or co-investigator, the following representative sample of research
investigations conducted by Dr. Penny includes: (1) feminine hygiene products, (2) feline
and equine locomotion, (3) specialized forensic projects related to product liability, (4)
quantification of numerous Olympic athletic events, and (5) extensive product evaluation
and subsequent design specification. Her participation and involvement began at project
inception, continued through data collection, and culminated with the preparation of the
final report. Her insight, academic preparation, and efforts were, and continue to be,
invaluable and irreplaceable.
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PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS
Wolf, S. L., Ariel, G. B., Saar, D., Penny, M.A., and Railey, P.A. "The effects of
muscle stimulation during resistive training on performance parameters." American
Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 14(1): pp. 18-23, 1986.
Ariel, G.B., Saar, D., and Penny, M.A. "A computerized formation analysis of the
women volleyball world cup championship in Japan, 1981." presented at American
College of Sports Medicine conference, Montreal, Canada, May, 1983.
Saar, D., Ariel, G.B., Penny, M.A., and Saar, I. "Aerobic adaptation to work and
fatigue training modes on the computerized exercise system." In: New Horizons of
Human Movement, Vol. 3: pp. 171, Seoul Olympic Scientific Congress, Korea, 1988.
Ariel, G.B., Penny, M.A., Saar, D., and Railey, P.A. "Cardiovascular and muscular
adaptation to training utilizing a computerized feedback-controlled modality." In: New
Horizons of Human Movement, Vol. 3: pp. 167, Seoul Olympic Scientific Congress, Korea,
1988.
Ariel, G.B., Penny, M.A., Saar, D., and Selinger, A. "Computer-controlled strength
training program for the U.S. national women's volleyball team." In: New Horizons
of Human Movement, Vol. 3: pp. 171, Seoul Olympic Scientific Congress, Korea, 1988.
Ariel, G.B., Saar, D., Wolf, S., Penny, M.A., and Railey, P.A. "The effects of
muscle stimulation during dynamic resistive training on performance parameters." In: New
Horizons of Human Movement, Vol. 3: pp. 162, Seoul Olympic Scientific Congress, Korea,
1988.
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JEREMY WISE, Ph.D.
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATION
Ph.D. Physics University of Massachusetts 1972-78
B.S. Physics Cornell University 1964-69
PUBLICATIONS
Jensen, D. Kreisler, M., Lomanno, F., Poster, R., Rabin, M., Smart, P. Wise, J, and
Dakin, J. "A Computer Controlled Pulser System." Nuclear Instruments and
Methods, 1980.
Wise, J., Jensen, D., Kreisler, M., Lomanno, F., Poster, R., Rabin, M., Way, M., and
Humphrey, J. "A High Statistics Study of Lambda Beta-Decay." Bulletin of the
American Physical Society, Vol. 23, No. 4: pp. 546, 1978.
Lomanno, F., Jensen, D., Kreisler, M., Poster, R., Rabin, M., Way, M., Wise, J., and
Humphrey, J. "Measurement of Polarization in Inclusive Lambda Production at 28.5
Gev/c." Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Vol. 23, No. 4: pp. 600,
1978.
Wise, Jeremy "Holography on a Low Budget." American Journal of Physics,
Vol 40: pp. 1866, 1972.
RESEARCH EXPERIENCES
Dr. Wise has worked for Computerized Biomechanical Analysis, Inc. since 1978 and is
currently the Director of Software Development. In addition to his exceptional computer
programming skills, Dr. Wise has academic knowledge and laboratory experience in physics,
high energy physics, mathematics, and electronics. During his tenure with the applicant
corporation, he has been significantly involved in the development of extensive
proprietary software. His services and his direction of the TBA graduate student
programmer for the proposed project are essential.
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9. SUBCONTRACTS AND CONSULTANTS
MOCO, inc., a small business biomedical research firm in Massachusetts, will be a
subcontractor to this proposal (see attached letter of agreement). The company was
established for the purpose of conducting research in human performance using the
principles of mathematics, control theory, and computer and information science. The
scientists at MOCO have performed extensive and diverse investigations aimed at
understanding normal human functioning and at identifying and explaining abnormal
behavior. MOCO, inc. will contribute seven days of consulting to this project at $300.00
per day. Ruth A. Maulucci, Ph.D. and Richard H. Eckhouse, Jr., Ph.D., the two principal
employees at MOCO, inc. will serve as the named consultants. No logistic problems are
anticipated, since MOCO, inc. has other projects involving performance sites in Arizona
requiring several visitations during the period covered by this proposal.
Ruth A. Maulucci holds both a Masters and a Ph.D. degree in Computer and Information
Science as well as a Masters degree in Mathematics. Dr. Maulucci is an information
scientist with expertise in human performance and rehabilitation who has worked and
published in the areas of biological signal processing, feedback and adaptation in the
central nervous system, biomechanics and applications of optimal control theory, and
mathematical modeling of biosystems. Her role in this project will be to advise on the
design of the experimental paradigm and on the methods of feedback training. Her specific
qualifications for this role are as follows. She has developed and is marketing a
computerized workstation consisting of integrated feedback training programs for upper
extremity control and balance. This workstation was developed under a Phase I and II SBIR
grant from the Department of Health and Human Services. She has conducted a longitudinal
experiment to study the maturational kinematic characteristics of upper extremity
movement. In another study, she investigated the relationships between biomechanical and
EMG parameters in normal adult males. Currently Dr. Maulucci is conducting an empirical
study of reaching and locomotion under a Phase II NASA SBIR grant to determine the
characteristics of the upper and lower extremities pertinent to the design of optimal
workspaces for astronauts.
Richard H. Eckhouse, Jr. holds a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science and a Masters in
Electrical Engineering. With more than 25 years of experience, Dr. Eckhouse is a
nationally recognized authority, particularly in the areas of computer architecture,
operating systems, and physiological instrumentation. He has worked in academia and
industry, and is on the editorial board of several professional journals. He has published
more than 30 articles in refereed journals as well as written several graduate textbooks
which are used internationally. Dr. Eckhouse will assist in the hardware and software
design decisions of this project.
John D. Probe holds a Masters degree in Engineering in Bioengineering and will serve as
a consultant for the experimental portion of the proposed project. Until recently, Mr.
Probe was employed by Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Company where he was assigned as
an Engineer in the Anthropometry and Biomechanics Laboratory at the NASA Johnson Space
Center in Houston, Texas. His work at NASA included data collection and analysis for
validating NASA's KC-135 research aircraft for "hyper-gravity" flights utilizing
aircraft accelerometers and a portable data acquisition system; designed, implemented, and
supervised testing in the Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) to determine IVA
foot restraint reaction forces for a specified upper extremity workload; and served as the
lead engineer for structural modifications of the Underwater Dynamometry System to prevent
loosening of the dynamometer inside the waterproofed enclosure following extended use. Mr.
Probe will work with Drs. Penny and Maulucci in preparing the experimental apparatus for
the proposed project as well as assisting Dr. Penny in the experimental data collection.
He will expend ten days effort on the project at $300.00 per day. No logistic problems are
anticipated, since Mr. Probe spends approximately one day a week at the applicant site.
Mr. Probe's employer, Ariel Life Systems, Inc., has agreed to his participation in the
project (see attached letter). There is a close business relationship between the two
corporations since Ariel Life Systems currently manufactures and markets a product for
which Computerized Biomechanical Analysis holds the patent and, it is anticipated that
this company would be receptive to pursuing the proposed device during Phase III.
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